The absolute minimum I would start a vehicle with a 10W would be -20F. Between 0°C and 30°C The SAE 40 is more viscous ("thicker") and harder to pump than all the rest of these oils. Biodegradable motor oils based on esters or hydrocarbon-ester blends appeared in the 1990s followed by formulations beginning in 2000 which respond to the bio-no-tox-criteria of the European preparations directive (EC/1999/45). The California State public contract code defines a re-refined motor oil as one that contains at least 70% re-refined base stock.[56]. The API sets minimum performance standards for lubricants. Most engines built before 1985 have the flat/cleave bearing style systems of construction, which is sensitive to reducing zinc and phosphorus. The engine will operate without lubrication for several seconds until the oil heats up and flows properly. The viscosity of a multi-grade oil still varies logarithmically with temperature, but the slope representing the change is lessened.[11]. The so-called "chemical box" limits today the concentrations of sulfur, ash and phosphorus (SAP). The first number '10W' is the equivalent grade of the single grade oil that has the oil's viscosity at cold temperature and the second number is the grade of the equivalent single-grade oil that describes its viscosity at 100 °C (212 °F). At reduced viscosity, the oil is not as capable of lubricating the engine, thus increasing wear and the chance of overheating. You should not force the engine or run it at high speed until the viscosity is below 20 cSt im most cases. Also, motor oils and lubricants formulated with biosynthetic base oils can be recycled and re-refined with petroleum-based oils. To see more detail at the different temperatures, click the appropriate temperature range. [40] According to the U.S. EPA, films of oil on the surface of water prevent the replenishment of dissolved oxygen, impair photosynthetic processes, and block sunlight. The viscosity of an oil is measured by its resistance to flow. This is important, as engine oils naturally thicken as they cool and thin as they are heated. Lower-viscosity oils are common in newer vehicles. [45] A review on the status of bio-based motor oils and base oils globally, as well as in the U.S, shows how bio-based lubricants show promise in augmenting the current petroleum-based supply of lubricating materials, as well as replacing it in many cases. The first number ends with the letter 'W', which stands for Winter. Thus, although the viscosity still decreases as temperature increases, these synthetic motor oils have a higher viscosity index over the traditional petroleum base. PTFE is a very soft material, thus its friction coefficient becomes worse than that of hardened steel-to-steel mating surfaces under common loads. If engine sump temperatures rarely exceed 212 … [36][37] Most current motor-oil lubricants contain petroleum base stocks, which are toxic to the environment and difficult to dispose of after use. Some engine manufacturers specify which SAE viscosity grade of oil should be used, but different viscosity motor oil may perform better based on the operating environment. While there is a full industry surrounding regular oil changes and maintenance, an oil change is a fairly simple operation that most car owners can do themselves. Some quick oil change shops recommended intervals of 5,000 kilometres (3,000 mi) or every three months, which is not necessary, according to many automobile manufacturers. HOW OFTEN SHOULD YOU CHECK YOUR ENGINE OIL, FIND A CASTROL DEALERSHIP OR OIL CHANGE WORKSHOP, CHECKING OIL THROUGH THE INSPECTION WINDOW, DIESEL ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS & OEM APPROVALS, PUMPS, COMPRESSORS, REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING, ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION / US VESSEL GENERAL PERMIT. December 2006, Orlando, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Association des Constructeurs Européens d'Automobiles, Japanese Automotive Standards Organization, American Society for Testing and Materials, United States Environmental Protection Agency, "Heat Transfer Properties of Engine Oils", "ASTM D97 – 12 Standard Test Method for Pour Point of Petroleum Products", "Whats the weight of oil? Engine oils bearing the API starburst symbol since 2005 are ILSAC GF-4 compliant.[24]. Motor oil is used for the lubrication, cooling, and cleaning of internal combustion engines. Test results indicate satisfactory performance from the oils tested. For two-stroke gasoline engines, the JASO M345 (FA, FB, FC, FD) standard is used,[30] and this refers particularly to low ash, lubricity, detergency, low smoke and exhaust blocking. By the mid-1980s, recommended viscosities had moved down to 5W-30, primarily to improve fuel efficiency. [38] Over 40% of the pollution in America's waterways is from used motor oil. In engines, there is some exposure of the oil to products of internal combustion, and microscopic coke particles from black soot accumulate in the oil during operation. All earlier service categories are obsolete. Manufacturers advise to not exceed their time or distance-driven interval for a motor oil change. Groups: There are three main ways that motor oil affects plants: Used motor-oil dumped on land reduces soil productivity. Higher purity and therefore better property control theoretically means synthetic oil has better mechanical properties at extremes of high and low temperatures. Due to its chemical composition, worldwide dispersion and effects on the environment, used motor oil is considered[by whom?] [39] Used oil is considered[by whom?] Cold weather has a thickening effect on conventional oil, and this is one reason thinner oils are manufacturer recommended in places with cold winters. [13], Engine lubricants are evaluated against the American Petroleum Institute (API), SJ, SL, SM, SN, CH-4, CI-4, CI-4 PLUS, CJ-4, CK, and FA, as well as International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee (ILSAC) GF-3, GF-4, and GF-5, and Cummins, Mack and John Deere (and other Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEM)) requirements. May 2011. The current diesel engine service categories are API CK-4, CJ-4, CI-4 PLUS, CI-4, CH-4, and FA-4. In general, ILSAC works with API in creating the newest gasoline oil specification, with ILSAC adding an extra requirement of fuel economy testing to their specification. To calculate the viscosity curve for any specific oils, using their data sheets, click here. The engine will operate without lubrication for several seconds until the oil heats up and flows properly. [41] One US gallon (3.8 l) of used oil can generate a 32,000 m2 (8 acres) slick on surface water, threatening fish, waterfowl and other aquatic life. Note, if any VIIs are used, however, then that oil cannot be labeled as a single grade. They have become the subject of renewed interest with the advent of bio-fuels and the push for green products. The smaller the number, the better it will flow. s, or the equivalent older non-SI units, centipoise (abbreviated cP), using two different test methods. [14]. Oils marketed as motorcycle-specific will carry the JASO-MA label. The higher the viscosity, the higher the SAE viscosity grade is. The second number is defined by how an oil flows at normal engine operating temperatures. The smaller the number, the better it will flow. [citation needed], All the current gasoline categories (including the obsolete SH) have placed limitations on the phosphorus content for certain SAE viscosity grades (the xW-20, xW-30) due to the chemical poisoning that phosphorus has on catalytic converters. For a dual-purpose car, engine oil temperature needs to be at least 220 degrees F to burn off all the deposits and accumulated water vapor. They offer zero-ash, bio-no-tox properties, and lean burn characteristics. Note that both numbers are grades and not viscosity values. Of course, for regular use I wouldn't use a 10W-40 … Many oil producers still refer these categories in their marketing. [citation needed]. a serious environmental problem. Synthetic oils are derived from either Group III, Group IV, or some Group V bases.
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